![]() ![]() Nutrition - Wikipedia. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion. A healthy diet includes preparation of food and storage methods that preserve nutrients from oxidation, heat or leaching, and that reduce risk of foodborne illness. Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs). They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in obesity and chronic disease. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health. Scurvy, later found to be a vitamin C deficiency, was first described in 1. BC in the Ebers Papyrus. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or . Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for ten days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet. In the 2nd century BC, Cato the Elder believed that cabbage (or the urine of cabbage- eaters) could cure digestive diseases, ulcers, warts, and intoxication. Living about the turn of the millennium, Aulus Celsus, an ancient Roman doctor, believed in . ![]() Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into . The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and. A comparison of fast food restaurants and their nutrition facts to see which is the least healthy. See calories, trans fat, carbs and more. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1. 50. 0 and 1. Called the most fundamental chemical discovery of the 1. His ideas made the phlogiston theory of combustion obsolete. In the early 1. 9th century, the elements carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen were recognized as the primary components of food, and methods to measure their proportions were developed. ![]() ![]() Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure. In 1. 89. 7, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine. From 1. 90. 0 to the present. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well- being of mice but it did not assure their growth. Hart conducted the single- grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete. The vitamins were studied in the first half of the 2. In 1. 91. 3, Elmer Mc. Collum and Marguerite Davis discovered the first vitamin, fat- soluble vitamin A, then water- soluble vitamin B (in 1. C as the then- unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1. 91. 9, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it . In 1. 92. 7, Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus synthesized vitamin D, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1. In 1. 92. 8, Albert Szent- Gy. In 1. 93. 5, he synthesized it, and in 1. Nobel Prize for his efforts. Pizza Hut fast food menu information and nutritional facts will help you make healthy choices by learning which foods have the most calories, fat and carbs.![]() In 1. 93. 5, Underwood and Marston independently discovered the necessity of cobalt. In 1. 93. 6, Eugene Floyd Du. Bois showed that work and school performance are related to caloric intake. In 1. 93. 8, Erhard Fernholz discovered the chemical structure of vitamin E and then he tragically disappeared. In 1. 94. 1, the first Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) were established by the National Research Council. In 1. 99. 2, The U. S. Department of Agriculture introduced the Food Guide Pyramid. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient types, together with other substances, such as toxins of various sorts. Some nutrients can be stored internally (e.
Poor health can be caused by a lack of required nutrients or, in extreme cases, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt and water (both absolutely required) will cause illness or even death in excessive amounts. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called . Carbohydrates and proteins provide 1. J approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 3. J (9 kcal) per gram. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acidmonomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen- containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation. Carbohydrates. They constitute a large part of foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grain- based products. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides contain one, two, and three or more sugar units, respectively. Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates because they are typically long, multiple branched chains of sugar units. Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood- glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high- fiber diet. Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it. Insoluble fiber, found in whole wheat flour, nuts and vegetables, especially stimulates peristalsis . Soluble fiber, found in oats, peas, beans, and many fruits, dissolves in water in the intestinal tract to produce a gel that slows the movement of food through the intestines. This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, is thought to possibly help lessen insulin spikes, and therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Read About Benefits and Weight Loss Tips. Ten Tips for Fitness Walking. Walking is one of the easiest and least expensive ways to stay physically. It's also a versatile form. Whether you'd like to begin walking for exercise. There's a wealth of research to prove that walking is good for you and the results are impressive: major reductions in both diabetes and heart disease, decreases in high blood pressure, increases in bone density, and more all follow regular walking exercise. In this article, I'll cover how walking can help you, how much you need to do to gain benefits, types of walking and techniques, how to get started, and other valuable information. Do you remember your first step? Remember your first step? What a fuss everyone made! And then you continued to walk right on through childhood, adolescence, and into adulthood, but somewhere along the way, like most adults, you probably stopped walking so much. In fact, the percentage of adults who spent most of their day sitting increased from 3. Part of the reason may be your hectic, stressful life, with not a moment to spare for recreation or formal exercise. The environment plays a part too; inactivity has been engineered into our lives, from escalators to remote controls to riding lawn mowers to robotic vacuum cleaners to electric toothbrushes to the disappearance of sidewalks and safe places to walk. But research shows that all this automation is bad for our health. Inactivity is the second leading preventable cause of death in the United States, second only to tobacco use. You'd think a simple activity like walking would be just that, simple. But fewer than 5. American adults do enough exercise to gain any health or fitness benefits from physical activity. Is walking our salvation? I don't know for sure, but evidence suggests that it's probably a good start. What are the top 1. Walking prevents type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Prevention Program showed that walking 1. Walking strengthens your heart if you're male. In one study, mortality rates among retired men who walked less than one mile per day were nearly twice that among those who walked more than two miles per day. Walking strengthens your heart if you're female. Women in the Nurse's Health Study (7. Walking is good for your brain. In a study on walking and cognitive function, researchers found that women who walked the equivalent of an easy pace at least 1. Research shows that postmenopausal women who walk approximately one mile each day have higher whole- body bone density than women who walk shorter distances, and walking is also effective in slowing the rate of bone loss from the legs. Walking helps alleviate symptoms of depression. Walking for 3. 0 minutes. Walking reduces the risk of breast and colon cancer. Women who. performed the equivalent of one hour and 1. Many studies have shown that exercise can prevent colon cancer, and even if an individual person develops colon cancer, the benefits of exercise appear to continue both by increasing quality of life and reducing mortality. Walking improves fitness. Walking just three times a week for 3. Walking in short bouts improves fitness, too! A study of sedentary women showed that short bouts of brisk walking (three 1. Walking improves physical function. Research shows that walking improves fitness and physical function and prevents physical disability in older persons. Many of these benefits are probably no surprise. After all, thousands of studies prove that exercise is good for you, and we've been hearing that for years. But in the past decade, exercise scientists have taken a different approach to studying physical activity. Instead of the benefits, they have been looking at the negative aspects of being a couch potato. Study after study shows that sitting is not good for your health or fitness. For example, researchers showed that people who reported sitting . One study showed that for ! And finally, if you've got a desk job, then walking just five minutes per hour during every work day would help you burn approximately 3. Provided you didn't change your diet, the change in walking habit would equate to a loss of body weight of 9. Considering most people gain weight as they get older, you get a big bang for your buck with not so much effort. Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 4/1.
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